This document is based on discussions with relevant disinformation experts in the broader network of the HDMO consortium. It also builds on the experiences of the Disinformation Foresight Exercise: Anticipation and Counteract workshop, which was held at the European Forum Alpbach in August 2025. This workshop was developed and delivered by experts from the Political Capital Institute, in cooperation with Marie-Doha Besancenot, a former advisor to the French Foreign Minister on disinformation-related issues. The aim of this document is to outline possible future developments in the anti-disinformation ecosystem, identify the challenges it faces, and highlight potential adaptation strategies.

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